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   "source": [
    "# SageMaker PySpark PCA and K-Means Clustering MNIST Example\n",
    "\n",
    "1. [Introduction](#Introduction)\n",
    "2. [Setup](#Setup)\n",
    "3. [Loading the Data](#Loading-the-Data)\n",
    "4. [Create a  pipeline with  PCA and  K-Means on SageMaker](#Create-a--pipeline-with--PCA-and--K-Means-on-SageMaker)\n",
    "5. [Inference](#Inference)\n",
    "6. [Clean-up](#Clean-up)\n",
    "7. [More on SageMaker Spark](#More-on-SageMaker-Spark)\n",
    "\n",
    "## Introduction\n",
    "This notebook will show how to cluster handwritten digits through the SageMaker PySpark library. \n",
    "\n",
    "We will manipulate data through Spark using a SparkSession, and then use the SageMaker Spark library to interact with SageMaker for training and inference. \n",
    "We will create a pipeline consisting of a first step to reduce the dimensionality using SageMaker's PCA algorithm, followed by the final K-Means clustering step on SageMaker. \n",
    "\n",
    "You can visit SageMaker Spark's GitHub repository at https://github.com/aws/sagemaker-spark to learn more about SageMaker Spark.\n",
    "\n",
    "This notebook was created and tested on an ml.m4.xlarge notebook instance."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Setup\n",
    "\n",
    "First, we import the necessary modules and create the `SparkSession` with the SageMaker-Spark dependencies attached. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
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   },
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   "source": [
    "import os\n",
    "import boto3\n",
    "\n",
    "from pyspark import SparkContext, SparkConf\n",
    "from pyspark.sql import SparkSession\n",
    "\n",
    "import sagemaker\n",
    "from sagemaker import get_execution_role\n",
    "import sagemaker_pyspark\n",
    "\n",
    "role = get_execution_role()\n",
    "\n",
    "# Configure Spark to use the SageMaker Spark dependency jars\n",
    "jars = sagemaker_pyspark.classpath_jars()\n",
    "\n",
    "classpath = \":\".join(sagemaker_pyspark.classpath_jars())\n",
    "\n",
    "# See the SageMaker Spark Github to learn how to connect to EMR from a notebook instance\n",
    "spark = SparkSession.builder.config(\"spark.driver.extraClassPath\", classpath)\\\n",
    "    .master(\"local[*]\").getOrCreate()\n",
    "    \n",
    "spark"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Loading the Data\n",
    "\n",
    "Now, we load the MNIST dataset into a Spark Dataframe, which dataset is available in LibSVM format at\n",
    "\n",
    "`s3://sagemaker-sample-data-[region]/spark/mnist/`\n",
    "\n",
    "where `[region]` is replaced with a supported AWS region, such as us-east-1.\n",
    "\n",
    "In order to train and make inferences our input DataFrame must have a column of Doubles (named \"label\" by default) and a column of Vectors of Doubles (named \"features\" by default).\n",
    "\n",
    "Spark's LibSVM DataFrameReader loads a DataFrame already suitable for training and inference.\n",
    "\n",
    "Here, we load into a DataFrame in the SparkSession running on the local Notebook Instance, but you can connect your Notebook Instance to a remote Spark cluster for heavier workloads. Starting from EMR 5.11.0, SageMaker Spark is pre-installed on EMR Spark clusters. For more on connecting your SageMaker Notebook Instance to a remote EMR cluster, please see [this blog post](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/machine-learning/build-amazon-sagemaker-notebooks-backed-by-spark-in-amazon-emr/)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import boto3\n",
    "\n",
    "region = boto3.Session().region_name\n",
    "spark._jsc.hadoopConfiguration().set('fs.s3a.endpoint', 's3.{}.amazonaws.com'.format(region))\n",
    "\n",
    "trainingData = spark.read.format('libsvm')\\\n",
    "    .option('numFeatures', '784')\\\n",
    "    .load('s3a://sagemaker-sample-data-{}/spark/mnist/train/'.format(region))\n",
    "\n",
    "testData = spark.read.format('libsvm')\\\n",
    "    .option('numFeatures', '784')\\\n",
    "    .load('s3a://sagemaker-sample-data-{}/spark/mnist/test/'.format(region))\n",
    "\n",
    "trainingData.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "MNIST images are 28x28, resulting in 784 pixels. The dataset consists of images of digits going from 0 to 9, representing 10 classes. \n",
    "\n",
    "In each row:\n",
    "* The `label` column identifies the image's label. For example, if the image of the handwritten number is the digit 5, the label value is 5.\n",
    "* The `features` column stores a vector (`org.apache.spark.ml.linalg.Vector`) of `Double` values. The length of the vector is 784, as each image consists of 784 pixels. Those pixels are the features we will use. \n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "As we are interested in clustering the images of digits, the number of pixels represents the feature vector, while the number of classes represents the number of clusters we want to find. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Create a  pipeline with  PCA and  K-Means on SageMaker\n",
    "To perform the clustering task, we will first running PCA on our feature vector, reducing it to 50 features. Then, we can use K-Means on the result of PCA to apply the final clustering. We will create a **Pipeline** consisting of 2 stages: the PCA stage, and the K-Means stage. \n",
    "\n",
    "In the following example, we run the pipeline fully on SageMaker infrastructure, making use of both `PCASageMakerEstimator` and `KMeansSageMakerEstimator`. The PCA training and inference step will run on SageMaker, and then we can train and infer using Amazon SageMaker's K-Means on the output column from PCA:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from pyspark.ml import Pipeline\n",
    "\n",
    "from sagemaker_pyspark.algorithms import PCASageMakerEstimator, KMeansSageMakerEstimator\n",
    "from sagemaker_pyspark import RandomNamePolicyFactory, IAMRole, EndpointCreationPolicy\n",
    "from sagemaker_pyspark.transformation.serializers import ProtobufRequestRowSerializer\n",
    "\n",
    "# ML pipeline with 2 stages: PCA and K-Means\n",
    "\n",
    "# 1st stage: PCA on SageMaker\n",
    "pcaSageMakerEstimator = PCASageMakerEstimator(\n",
    "  sagemakerRole = IAMRole(role),\n",
    "  trainingInstanceType = \"ml.m4.xlarge\",\n",
    "  trainingInstanceCount = 1,\n",
    "  endpointInstanceType = \"ml.t2.large\",\n",
    "  endpointInitialInstanceCount = 1,\n",
    "  namePolicyFactory=RandomNamePolicyFactory(\"sparksm-3p-\")\n",
    ")\n",
    "\n",
    "# Set parameters for PCA (number of features in input and the number of principal components to find)\n",
    "pcaSageMakerEstimator.setFeatureDim(784)\n",
    "pcaSageMakerEstimator.setNumComponents(50)\n",
    "\n",
    "# 2nd stage: K-Means on SageMaker\n",
    "kMeansSageMakerEstimator = KMeansSageMakerEstimator(\n",
    "  sagemakerRole = IAMRole(role),\n",
    "  trainingSparkDataFormatOptions = {\"featuresColumnName\": \"projection\"}, # Default output column generated by PCASageMakerEstimator\n",
    "  requestRowSerializer = ProtobufRequestRowSerializer(featuresColumnName = \"projection\"), # Default output column generated by PCASageMakerEstimator\n",
    "  trainingInstanceType = \"ml.m4.xlarge\",\n",
    "  trainingInstanceCount = 1,\n",
    "  endpointInstanceType = \"ml.t2.large\",\n",
    "  endpointInitialInstanceCount = 1,\n",
    "  namePolicyFactory=RandomNamePolicyFactory(\"sparksm-3k-\"),\n",
    "  endpointCreationPolicy = EndpointCreationPolicy.CREATE_ON_TRANSFORM\n",
    ")\n",
    "\n",
    "# Set parameters for K-Means\n",
    "kMeansSageMakerEstimator.setFeatureDim(50)\n",
    "kMeansSageMakerEstimator.setK(10)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Define the stages of the Pipeline in order\n",
    "pipelineSM = Pipeline(stages=[pcaSageMakerEstimator, kMeansSageMakerEstimator])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Now that we've defined the `Pipeline`, we can call fit on the training data. Please note the below code will take several minutes to run and create all the resources needed for this pipeline. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Train\n",
    "pipelineModelSM = pipelineSM.fit(trainingData)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In this case, when calling `fit` on the `PipelineModel`, 2 jobs and models will be created:\n",
    "1. A job using the PCA algorithm which will create a PCA model\n",
    "2. A job using the K-Means algorithm which will create a K-Means model \n",
    "\n",
    "As the stages were defined in the pipeline, the pipeline is responsible for giving as input to the PCA job the raw data, and then giving as input to the K-Means job the results of the PCA job. \n",
    "\n",
    "Please note that the endpoint serving the PCA model is created when calling `fit`, as the endpoint is needed to be generate the input to train the K-means algorithm and thus launch the job. In this setting, only the K-Means endpoint will be created when calling `transform`, as stated by the `endpointCreationPolicy` given to the `KMeansSageMakerEstimator`, in order to reduce the waiting time when calling `fit`. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Inference\n",
    "\n",
    "When calling the transform method on the `PipelineModel` object, both the PCA and K-Means SageMaker endpoints are contacted sequentially. We can see this in the below architecture diagram. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "![PCA and KMeans on SageMaker](img/sagemaker-spark-pca-kmeans-architecture.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Please note the below code will take several minutes to run and create the final K-Means endpoint needed for this pipeline. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "transformedData = pipelineModelSM.transform(testData)\n",
    "transformedData.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "How well did the pipeline perform? Let us display the digits from each of the clusters and manually inspect the results:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from pyspark.sql.types import DoubleType\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import string\n",
    "\n",
    "# Helper function to display a digit\n",
    "def showDigit(img, caption='', xlabel='', subplot=None):\n",
    "    if subplot==None:\n",
    "        _,(subplot)=plt.subplots(1,1)\n",
    "    imgr=img.reshape((28,28))\n",
    "    subplot.axes.get_xaxis().set_ticks([])\n",
    "    subplot.axes.get_yaxis().set_ticks([])\n",
    "    plt.title(caption)\n",
    "    plt.xlabel(xlabel)\n",
    "    subplot.imshow(imgr, cmap='gray')\n",
    "    \n",
    "def displayClusters(data):\n",
    "    images = np.array(data.select(\"features\").cache().take(250))\n",
    "    clusters = data.select(\"closest_cluster\").cache().take(250)\n",
    "\n",
    "    for cluster in range(10):\n",
    "        print('\\n\\n\\nCluster {}:'.format(string.ascii_uppercase[cluster]))\n",
    "        digits = [ img for l, img in zip(clusters, images) if int(l.closest_cluster) == cluster ]\n",
    "        height=((len(digits)-1)//5)+1\n",
    "        width=5\n",
    "        plt.rcParams[\"figure.figsize\"] = (width,height)\n",
    "        _, subplots = plt.subplots(height, width)\n",
    "        subplots=np.ndarray.flatten(subplots)\n",
    "        for subplot, image in zip(subplots, digits):\n",
    "            showDigit(image, subplot=subplot)\n",
    "        for subplot in subplots[len(digits):]:\n",
    "            subplot.axis('off')\n",
    "\n",
    "        plt.show()\n",
    "        \n",
    "displayClusters(transformedData)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Clean-up"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Since we don't need to make any more inferences, now we delete the resources (endpoints, models, configurations, etc):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Delete the resources\n",
    "from sagemaker_pyspark import SageMakerResourceCleanup\n",
    "from sagemaker_pyspark import SageMakerModel\n",
    "\n",
    "def cleanUp(model):\n",
    "    resource_cleanup = SageMakerResourceCleanup(model.sagemakerClient)\n",
    "    resource_cleanup.deleteResources(model.getCreatedResources())\n",
    "    \n",
    "# Delete the SageMakerModel in pipeline\n",
    "for m in pipelineModelSM.stages:\n",
    "    if isinstance(m, SageMakerModel):\n",
    "        cleanUp(m)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## More on SageMaker Spark\n",
    "\n",
    "The SageMaker Spark Github repository has more about SageMaker Spark, including how to use SageMaker Spark using the Scala SDK: https://github.com/aws/sagemaker-spark\n"
   ]
  }
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  "notice": "Copyright 2018 Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. A copy of the License is located at http://aws.amazon.com/apache2.0/ or in the \"license\" file accompanying this file. This file is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License."
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